It's not just a sports thing. Bostonians and New Yorkers love to hate each other. As seen in the Boston-area bloggers' entries on the subject, almost any wrong-doing by a New Yorker can be considered just part of the local narrative that there's something not right about them. Their city is too snooty, too big and they just don't belong here in the Hub. (For the record, both New Yorkers and Bostonians have harsh accents, are loyal past the point of fun and like to riot after their team looses -- or wins.)

For It's a sensation that blogger have used - whether consciously or not - in their posts on anything from baseball advertisements in Times Square to graffiti done by a New Yorker.

Jay Fitzgerald, The Hub (Technorati: 30) blogger, defends an attack on Bostonians' psychosis: "I've never met a South Boston native pining for the Bronx. Any 'inferiority complex' here resides within the media/arts/hipster circles.

Adam Gaffin, the most-read strictly-Boston Universal Hub (Technorati: 296) blogger, also an emboldened visitor to NYC, posted about seeing a huge poster of a Red Sox player, with much bravado named it In Your Face New York. The poster was:

... lording it over the Square. Still it was kind of surprising to see...

In another entry Gaffin complains about whiny New Yorkers who wanted a recount of a burger tasting competition. He points people to look at:

Menu Pages (the good one, not the one in New York)

In another he points out a report about Bostonians being more reasonable:

It's true! It's in the journal Perspectives on Psychological Science and everything! Not that we care what New Yorkers think, because that would be pretty neurotic

John Daley of Daleyblog.com (Technorati: 18) wrote a reasonable query on a confidential source in a Herald story, which is a good observation, but seemed to trigger some NYC/Boston sparks, as well:

Why the need for anonymity and why did the reporter let them have it? What is it about a comment on an event by an much smaller organization four hundred miles away that requires someone to hide their identity? Is it merely for the chance to slam another police department? If so, that's what I call tacky

The reasons for exploiting this rivalry has a somewhat selfish origin for bloggers: it's a surefire way to get some pings, comments and, or course, sacred hits. So how much is real and how much is to ruffle our feathers? Like many cultural oddities, this tiff has been used and abused by the blogosphere.

If you want to help contribute to this map, flick me a message so I can set up a collaboration on google maps.

Key

Blue -Private Companies

Green - Support Service Organisations

Red - Public Sector Organisations - Hospitals, Tertiary Education Providers

Purple - Investment Organisations

Yellow Pin - The BioHub

The Auckland Biotech Network

[googlemaps http://maps.google.co.nz/maps/ms?client=firefox-a&hl=en&ie=UTF8&msa=0&msid=113034889502665360201.00044349baec1746d758a&ll=-36.859328,174.76053&spn=0.031933,0.047508&t=h&output=embed&s=AARTsJol9zC0bRqwNZvh0NONekQ9L6RhHw&w=425&h=350]

So we've been really curious about the HUB project that is going on in Bloomington.  Betsy Stirratt, director of the SOFA Gallery at Indiana University was kind (outstandingly kind) enough to provide some in-depth answers to questions I had about the project.  HUB appears to be an exhibit that is free to get up and leave the gallery.  It is contained in 26' trucks and can travel, ready to be reexamined and transformed at every opportunity.  Stirratt says that transformation is the central theme of HUB.  It's also intended to make contemporary art more physically accessible.  HUB Phase II opens in Bloomington Friday, October 3, 2008.  Here is what Stirratt had to tell us:

A stated goal of the HUB project is "longevity".  Are you able to expand on that?

The HUB project is experimental in that it will continue to travel to new places in new configurations with work by new artists as long as the HUB Collective is able to take it on the road. While HUB Phase I existed solely in the gallery space, HUB Phase II will be the transition outside to a more mobile and accessible art viewing experience. And I suppose HUB Phase III will be the mobile shows in other locations.

HUB came into existence when three MFA sculpture students at IU Bloomington, Derek Parker, Jonathan Dankenbring, and LaRinda Meinburg, were interested in questioning the traditional gallery space as the ideal place to exhibit art.  They were concerned with the fact that the "Art Gallery" tends to be an
exclusive space that is not welcoming and many people are intimidated and uncomfortable visiting art galleries.

They began to collaborate with Rob Off, the Associate Director at the SoFA Gallery, to design and build the large scale HUB platform. The advantage of taking art out of the gallery space is it immediately puts it into a context that is more neutral and more accessible to a wider audience. Traditional exhibit experiences can be very positive, but I have found that we [as Americans] are lacking the advantage of exhibiting in public places that are often found in Europe, and in the States we still very much compartmentalize the visual arts to specific spaces and contexts. With HUB, we hope that the experience will transcend the usual art viewing experience.

And speaking from experience, the SoFA Gallery is often criticized that we are hard to get to, people can't park, etc. so this immediately takes that particular excuse out of the equation. This is an accessible location, and format open to all.

Another stated goal is that HUB could be "utilized by other artists".  Again, is that something you could expand on?

The plan is the HUB project will travel to other locations and will incorporate the work of artists in those areas within the truck exhibiting spaces. Initially the plan is to contact artists and alternative spaces in
surrounding cities, like Indianapolis, Louisville, Cincinnati and Chicago.  The HUB Collective will need help locating artists and places for the HUB to be installed. The whole installation is quite large, with 5 26' trucks backed up to a single large platform that includes a stairway. So it has to be located in the right area.

The reason the HUB Group is interested in making this opportunity available to other artists is that it is the natural progression for the alternative gallery space. In addition, the artists are interested in population, and the transient nature of it. Particularly in a university town, there is very little stability-very few people settle down.

Here is a quote from LaRinda Meinburg:"My hope for the project is that it doesn't end here," said Meinburg. "HUB is like a combination of a travel mug and IKEA flat-pack furniture: just set up anywhere there's room. The idea isn't for us to always have a place to show work; people can contact us, and they can use it to create their own exhibition space. We want it to go beyond us."

Can someone explain or describe a specific artwork in the project and how it functions?

Rob Off's work is really about his personal interest in an increasingly transient population. "I've been in Bloomington four years, and that's the longest I've been in any place," Off said. "A lot of what I make is
collapsible and transportable. It has to be able to squish down to fit in the back of a truck or storage space." Off will transform his moving truck to display his version of a sustainable living space: a plastic bubble.

LaRinda Meinburg, said her work was inspired by the idea of the moving truck. "Moving trucks made me think of people moving from old homes into new homes, which brought my thoughts to urban sprawl," she said. "I have created mold-like objects made out of phone books and positioned them on a map interpretation," said Meinburg, who is showing one piece at HUB Phase I and adding prints to accompany the piece for HUB II.

Are the themes of sprawl/living space/consumer design integral to the larger HUB project or is it possible that other artists utilizing the project could adapt it to their own means?

Overall, the show's unifying theme is transformation. This exhibition takes on an anthropological role, with installations that explore urban sprawl, the definition of living space, consumer design and the collective
unconscious. Ideas about the transient nature of contemporary life are definitely part of this. The concept is completely adaptable: what is cool about it is the truck exhibit spaces are completely neutral and artists can
bring in all kinds of different ideas into the mix.

If other artists want to be involved, or other spaces wish to take part in the project, how can that be made to happen?

We are hoping that several contacts that we have made with artists/groups in the cities we¹ve mentioned might want to get involved. If artists are interested, they can contact the SoFA Gallery at sofa@indiana.edu and we will forward your information to the HUB Group.

Thank you!  This project is really exciting to me. 

Secara sederhana, hub adalah perangkat penghubung. Pada jaringan bertopologi star, hub adalah perangkat dengan banyak port yang memungkinkan beberapa titik (dalam hal ini komputer yang sudah memasang NIC) bergabung menjadi satu jaringan. Pada jaringan sederhana, salah satu port pada hub terhubung ke komputer server. Bisa juga hub tak langsung terhubung ke server tetapi juga ke hub lain, ini terutama terjadi pada jaringan yang cukup besar. Hub memiliki 4 - 24 port plus 1 port untuk ke server atau hub lain. Sebagian hub -- terutama dari generasi yang lebih baru -- bisa ditumpuk (stackable) untuk mendukung jumlah port yang lebih banyak. Jumlah tumpukan maksimal bergantung dari merek hub, rata-rata mencapai 5 - 8. Hub yang bisa ditumpuk biasanya pada bagian belakangnya terdapat 2 port untuk menghubungkan antar hub. Dari sisi pengelolaan ada dua jenis hub, yaitu manageable hub dan unmanageable hub. Manageable hub adalah hub yang bisa dikelola melalui software -- sedangkan unmanageable hub tak bisa. Satu hal yang perlu diingat, hub hanya memungkinkan pengguna untuk berbagi (share) jalur yang sama. Kumpulan hub yang membentuk jaringan hub disebut sebagai "shared Ethernet." Pada jaringan terbagi seperti itu, setiap anggota hanya akan mendapatkan persentase tertentu dari bandwidth jaringan yang ada. Misalkan jaringan yang digunakan adalah Ethernet 10Mbps dan pada jaringan tersebut tersambung 10 komputer, maka secara kasar jika semua komputer secara bersama mengirimkan data, bandwidth rata-rata yang bisa digunakan oleh masing-masing anggota jaringan tersebut hanyalah 1Mbps.

Pada jaringan bertopologi bus, ada juga perangkat sejenis hub -- namanya repeater. Sesuai namanya, repeater bekerja memperkuat sinyal agar data bisa mencapai jarak yang lebih jauh.

2. BRIDGE DAN SWITCH

      Bridge adalah perangkat yang berfungsi menghubungkan beberapa jaringan terpisah. Bridge bisa menghubungkan tipe jaringan berbeda (seperti Ethernet dan Fast Ethernet) atau tipe jaringan yang sama. Bridge memetakan alamat Ethernet dari setiap node yang ada pada masing-masing segmen jaringan dan memperbolehkan hanya lalu lintas data yang diperlukan melintasi bridge. Ketika menerima sebuah paket, bridge menentukan segmen tujuan dan sumber. Jika segmennya sama, paket akan ditolak; jika segmennya berbeda, paket diteruskan ke segmen tujuannya. Bridge juga bisa mencegah pesan rusak untuk tak menyebar keluar dari satu segmen. Switch yang dimaksud di sini adalah LAN switch. Switch adalah perluasan dari konsep bridge. Ada dua arsitektur dasar yang digunakan pada switch, yaitu cut-through dan store-and-forward. Switch cut-through memiliki kelebihan di sisi kecepatan karena ketika sebuah paket datang, switch hanya memperhatikan alamat tujuannya sebelum meneruskan ke segmen tujuan. Switch store-and-forward, kebalikannya, menerima dan menganalisa seluruh isi paket sebelum meneruskannya ke tujuan. Waktu yang diperlukan untuk memeriksa satu paket memakan waktu, tetapi ini memungkinkan switch untuk mengetahui adanya kerusakan pada paket dan mencegahnya agar tak mengganggu jaringan. Dengan teknologi terbaru, kecepatan switch store-and-forward ditingkatkan sehingga mendekati kecepatan switch cut-through. Di pasaran Anda juga bisa memilih switch hibrid yang menggabungkan arsitektur cut-through dan store-and-forward.

Dengan switch, Anda mendapatkan keuntungan karena setiap segmen jaringan memiliki bandwidth 10Mbps penuh, tidak terbagi seperti pada "shared network." Dengan demikian kecepatan transfer data lebih tinggi. Jaringan yang dibentuk dari sejumlah switch yang saling terhubung disebut "collapsed backbone." Saat ini banyak orang memilih menggunakan jaringan Ethernet 10Mbps pada segmen-segmennya dan Fast Ethernet 100Mbps pada koneksi ke server. Untuk keperluan ini digunakan switch 10/100 yang biasanya memiliki beberapa (4-24) port 10Mbps untuk koneksi ke komputer klien dan 1 port 100Mbps ke komputer server.

3. ROUTER

      Router bekerja dengan cara yang mirip dengan switch dan bridge. Perbedaannya, router menyaring (filter) lalu lintas data. Penyaringan dilakukan bukan dengan melihat alamat paket data, tetapi dengan menggunakan protokol tertentu. Router muncul untuk menangani perlunya membagi jaringan secara logikal bukan fisikal. Sebuah IP router bisa membagi jaringan menjadi beberapa subnet sehingga hanya lalu lintas yang ditujukan untuk IP address tertentu yang bisa mengalir dari satu segmen ke segmen lain. Anda mungkin bingung dengan definisi di atas, tetapi untuk mudah diingat, Anda menggunakan router ketika akan menghubungkan jaringan komputer ke jaringan lain. Jaringan ini bisa berupa jaringan pribadi (LAN/WAN) atau jaringan publik (Internet).

Valla que este cable usb a estado expuesto a radiaciones malignas que lo han mutado hasta convertirse en el pulpo usb. La compañía que los vende asegura que es un hub usb, un poco fuera de lo normal, pero un hub usb.

Características:

-7 tentáculos USBs

-Disponible solo para ME, 200, XP (no usar con Vista, eso generaría un nuevo mutante)

-valor $2.99

-------

mutando periféricos desde GearLog

I progetti della Nuova Alitalia potranno rimescolare le carte. Una base è un aeroporto nel quale risiedono aerei, equipaggi e manutenzione di linea (quella che provvede ai controlli quotidiani). Il network della compagnia si concentrerà nei sei scali prescelti, mentre si alleggerirà sugli altri. Si possono anche imbastire dei calcoli, sulla base dei dati finora noti. L’attale flotta di Alitalia più Air One conta all’incirca 220 aerei, che scenderanno a 137 con la Nuova Alitalia: si perderanno una sessantina di aerei di medio raggio.

Fonte: http://www.ilgiornale.it/a.pic1?ID=294166

Hub

Alat penghubung yang mempunyai fungsi untuk menghubungkan komputer satu dengan komputer yang lain. Hub digunakan untuk sebuah bentuk jaringan yang sederhana (cocok untuk di rumah, untuk kebutuhan sharing data dan komunikasi sederhana)

Switch

Device yang berfungsi untuk menyaring dan melewatkan paket yang ada di sebuah LAN. Switcher bekerja pada layer data link (layer 2) dan terkadang di Network Layer (layer 3) berdasarkan referensi OSI Layer Model. sehingga dapat bekerja untuk paket protokol apapun. (Cocok sebagai penghubung empat komputer atau lebih banyak lagi).

Router

Device yang berfungsi untuk mengantarkan paket data dalam jaringan. router dapat digunakan jika tersambung paling tidak dengan dua jaringan yang berbeda sehingga pengaturan tersebut membutuhkan sebuah router. Device ini juga menyortir data yang masuk dan mengirimkannya berdasarkan alamat IP.

The school year has started with a blast and I am really pleased with the way that God is working. I will briefly give an overview of some of the 'happenings'...

Chapel

One of the things that I am committed to is to do everything possible to glorify Christ in our chapels which keeping them relevant, up to date and full of variety. It's a fine balance because I don't want the chapels to just become entertainment and feed the "me" all the time. I am confident that there is a way of having good fun while holding Christ high in our minds.

The new worship team are awesome and they are doing a great job of leading and inspiring us. I cannot begin to explain how proud I am and grateful I am for them.

I am two weeks into a series called "Myth" where I am exploring what we really believe. We ahve already looked at whether Christ is the only way to God and also whether life is in fact ALL about us. You can listen to the podcast by clicking on the image below or by clicking here

The media and tech teams are doing an incredible job of producing videos, countdowns and announcement. This is great training for them for the future and I ahve to say they have blown me away with their skill and commitment.

The Hub

I have the best office in the world! The students are loving the space that has been designed for them. Spares, lunch, before school - anytime they can, it's full and it's a pleasure to have them here!

Blinking Brilliant!

There have been so many conversations, prayers and 'God happenings' over the last two weeks! All of them show that God is up to something!

Thanks for reading!

Sustain, l'alleanza britannica per un'agricoltura ed un'alimentazione più sostenibile, sta sviluppando un progetto con The Hub per la realizzazione di un tetto "commestibile" in cima al futuro Hub Southbank. Ce ne parlano sul loro sito:

Siamo molto interessati alla creazione di un tetto "commestibile" - visto quello che e' gia stato realizzato in molte altre citta' del mondo, [...] dal RISC edible roof garden a Reading, all'iniziativa LivingRoof.org. Si e' parlato di varie idee, dalla creazione di un'impresa sociale che potrebbe riformire ristoranti nell'area con prodotti ortofrutticoli, ad un centro educativo su eco-tecnologie per bambini.

Il progetto s'inserisce all'interno di un piu' ampio movimento volto alla promozione di pratiche agricole sostenibili nelle nostre citta'. E' un'iniziativa che e' gia' stata sostenuta dal nuovo sindaco londinese Boris Johnson, che vorrebbe trasformare tutta la riva meridionale del Tamigi in un "giardino pensile babilonese". Entro il 2012 (anno delle Olimpiadi a Londra) Boris ne vuole 2.012 di questi orti e giardini.

E Milano? Che ne pensa la Moratti?

Em palestra na Rio Oil & Gas, Formigli apresentou o cronograma de avaliação das oito descobertas da região, segundo negociações que estão sendo finalizadas com a Agência Nacional do Petróleo (ANP): Tupi, com reservas entre 5 e 8 bilhões de barris, tem de ser avaliado até dezembro de 2010; Carioca, até 2011; e Júpiter, no ano seguinte. Já os projetos Guará e Caramba têm prazo até 2012.

Os três únicos planos de avaliação ainda não aprovados pela agência, Bem-te-vi, Iara e Júpiter, devem ser concluídos em 2014. Na fase de avaliação, o concessionário ganha prazo para aprofundar os estudos sobre o potencial das reservas, com a perfuração de poços ou a produção em fase de testes.

A estatal já encomendou quatro plataformas projetos-piloto nas descobertas. Duas serão colocadas em Tupi. As duas restantes dependem ainda de negociações com os sócios. Além disso, anunciou a encomenda de oito plataformas de produção, com capacidade para até 120 mil barris por dia cada. Os locais onde serão instaladas também não foram definidos, disse Formigli.

Segundo o executivo, todas estarão operando até 2017, ano considerado chave para os projetos do pré-sal em Santos. É nesse ano que a empresa pretende concluir a fase de desenvolvimento das jazidas, quando terá uma capacidade instalada de 1,26 milhão de barris por dia. Formigli afirmou, porém, que a produção não estará neste nível, pois há declínio natural na produção.

Os primeiros dados sobre produção na região serão divulgados com o planejamento estratégico da companhia, previsto para as próximas semanas. A Petrobras montou um grupo para avaliar o pré-sal de forma global, desde a produção até o refino e comercialização do petróleo e gás produzidos.

Parte do gás será escoada por gasoduto até a plataforma de Mexilhão, alçada ao posto de "hub" (centro) da produção de gás na porção norte de Santos e ao sul de Campos. Outra parte deve ser transformada em GNL ou combustíveis (tecnologia conhecida como "gas to liquids") nas plataformas. Um primeiro gasoduto, ligando Tupi a Mexilhão, já foi projetado, com capacidade de 10 milhões de metros cúbicos por dia.

Fonte: Estadão Online

4World added to its offer six color hubów, which holds true USB ports on przeróżnymi figures. In addition to the appearance of innovative new products offer quite a good performance - as soon as you connect to your computer, you can use the four additional USB 2.0 slots, which are also compatible with standard 1.0/1.1. Hubs do not need to install drivers and can be connected without shut down the computer.

Intotdeauna este bine sa incercati prima data modul activ, fara a introduce IP-ul. Porturile recomandate sunt 2412, 1412, 412. Apoi incearca sa cauti dupa un punct (introdu la search for ?.?). Daca iti apar rezultate inseamna ca merge si totul e OK. Poti contua sa folosesti modul ACTIVE.

Dar, daca nu ti se vor afisa nici un rezultat, atunci va trebui sa iti afli IP-ul extern si sa-l introduci in casuta de IP.

Daca nici asa nu merge si stii ca esti in spatele unui firewall, incearca sa deschizi porturile 1412 si 412 ptr traficul aferent protocolului TCP si UDP.

Setarile la ZoneAlarm Pro sunt:

- Allow incoming UDP ports: 412,1412,2412 (depending on the port you have set in the Settings page of DC++)
- Allow incoming TCP ports: 412,1412,2412 (depending on the port you have set in the Settings page of DC++)

La Norton procesul este un pic mai complicat:

Personal Firewall -> Internet Access Control -> Configure>System-Wide Settings -> Add ->Choose Permit Internet Access -> Next ->Choose Connections From Other Computers -> Next ->Choose Any Computer -> Next ->Choose TCP, UDP and Only the types of communication or ports listed below -> Add ->Choose Induvidually selected ports and Local ->set port 412 1412 2412 (depending on the port you have set in the Setting page of DC++) -> Ok -> Next ->(you don't need the checkboxes) -> Next
(name your new rule, for example as "DC-ports") -> Next -> Finish

Acum ai marit importanta regulei pe care tocmai ai creat-o. Mergi in lista pana jos, selecteaza regula tocmai creata de tine anterios si apoi apasa butonul ?Move up? pana va fi prima din lista, apoi apasa OK.

Daca nici dupa ce ati incercat posibilitatile de mai sus singura alternativa este sa comutati pe modul Passive si sa indurati dezavantajele acestui mod.

Daca sunteti intr-o retea in care mai multi oameni se conecteaza la internet printr-un router central, si au toti acelasi IP extern, trebuie sa configurati acel router (care de obicei este pe Linux) incat sa permita trecerea anumitor porturi (port forwarding).
Daca aveti un router hardware, gasiti aici instructiuni pentru instalare. Daca aveti ca router un server cu FreeBSD, instructiuni puteti gasi aici.
Instructiunile urmatoare sunt valabile pentru Linux (2.4, dar probabil merge si pe alte versiuni):
Trebuie sa editati fisierul firewallului (locatia sa difera, dar se poate afla in etc\rc.d\ rc.firewall), in care sa adaugati aceste linii, catre inceput, dupa care sa rulati iar fisierul firewall-ului:

iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -p tcp --dport -i -j DNAT --to : -d iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -p udp --dport -i -j DNAT --to : -d Inlocuiti urmatoarele cu:
- un numar (de preferat intre 1000 si 10000); acesta nu trebuie sa fie portul prin care va conectati la hub ci cel pentru transferuri, pe care setati DC-ul sa functioneze;
- placa de retea din router in care este bagat cablul cu internet. De obicei sunt doua intr-un router, a doua fiind bagata intr-un switch. Deci trebuie sa inlocuiti cu eth0 sau eth1, in functie de situatie;
- ip-ul din retea al calculatorului pentru care se face port forwarding;
- ip-ul pe care il aveti pe internet.

Exemplu:
iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -p tcp --dport 1234 -i eth0 -j DNAT --to 192.168.1.1:1234 -d 193.231.236.100
iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -p udp --dport 1234 -i eth0 -j DNAT --to 192.168.1.1:1234 -d 193.231.236.100

Nu uitati sa configurati si DC-ul sa functioneze pe activ si pe portul pe care l-ati deschis prin firewall, cu IP-ul extern (de internet). Daca nu aveti acces direct la router-ul retelei, probabil ca aveti un admin in retea care se ocupa de el. Rugati-l sa va faca port forwarding pe TCP si UDP (indicati-i portul pe care doriti, cel care va fi pus la settings, in DC). Daca nu stie exact cum, arati-i aceasta pagina.

روتر ابزاری است که شبکه‌ها را به یکدیگر متصل می‌کند. این ابزار با بررسی درخواست شما آدرس مقصد را در سطح اینترنت مشخص می‌کند سپس با توجه به مسیرهای ارتباطی موجود و حجم ترافیک در قسمت‌های مختلف شبکه بهترین مسیر را شناسایی می‌کند تا درخواست را از آن طریق به مقصد ارسال کند.

ممکن است چندین شبکه‌ای که در مناطق مختلف قرار دارند با هم ترکیب شده باشند تا یک شبکه با اندازه متوسط را ایجاد کنند اگر درخواست شما برای سیستم دیگری که در سطح این شبکه قرار دارد ارسال شود در این صورت روتر مستقیماً آن را برای کامپیوتر مقصد ارسال می‌کند. برای انتقال از خطوط تلفن پرسرعت اتصالات فیبر نوری یا پیوندهای ماکروویو استفاده می‌شود. حالت جایگزین برای شبکه فوق یک WAN هست (Wide Area Network) که محدوده جغرافیایی بزرگتری را پوشش می‌دهد و می‌تواند ارتباط‌ها را از طریق ماهواره نیز برقرار کند.

با انتقال در خواست از یک شبکه به شبکه‌ای دیگر مجموعه‌ای از پروتکل‌ها یا قوانین، بسته‌ها را ایجاد می‌کنند. بسته‌ها شامل داده‌، آدرس داده‌های کنترل خطا و سایر اطلاعاتی هستند که برای اطمینان از رسیدن درخواست به مقصد مورد نیاز هستند.

اگر مقصد درخواست شما در جایی خارج از همان شبکه (WAN) مربوط به میزبان شبکه باشد در این صورت روتر درخواست شما را برای یک نقطه دسترسی به شبکه NAP ارسال می‌کند، مسیر عبوری برای رسیدن به مقصد می‌تواند شامل چندین Back Bone اینترنت باشد. Back Bone مجموعه ای از شبکه‌ها است که سوپر کامپیوترهای فوق‌العاده قدرت‌مند و مراکز ملی علوم آمریکا را بهم متصل می‌کند. البته اینترنت تنها به آمریکا محدود نیست شما می‌توانید بطور مجازی به کامپیوترهای هرجایی از دنیا متصل شوید در طول این مسیر ارتباطی درخواست شما ممکن است از چندین هاب (hub)، پل (bridge) و گیت‌وی (gateway) عبور کند.